Background:
Climate turn (Cc) is the among the most prominent global environment concerns. Cc is having critical impacts on the most vulnerable communities. Inspecting characteristics, agriculture can be carefully as one of the most affected sector and thus most vulnerable to atmosphere change. Susceptibility and sensitivity of agriculture to the variance of the climatic parameters is responsible for the fact. Agriculture having the critical contributor in national Gdp, translates the susceptibility of national cheaper and increase to atmosphere change. In context of India the Gdps 60% share is agriculture and practically 60% population's livelihood is depends on farming co emphasizing the need of resilient systems and strategies for agriculture sector and farming community. In which semi-arid regions are carefully particularly most vulnerable to atmosphere change. Swiss department for improvement and Cooperation Supported improvement Alternatives, a Civil society Organization, active in Bundelkhand Region of Central India for taking up actions and work on policy to address the atmosphere vulnerability of the region and its impact on livelihhods.
Challenges:
Semi arid regions being particularly less resilient to the non favourable climatic conditions, lead to more negative impacts. Bundelkhand has faced severe drought years in recent past (five drought years in last seven years). Last year was not the hydrological drought but delayed monsoon resulted into the failed Kharif season in most part of the Bundelkhand region. Addition frequency of the drought in the region is causing the farmers to take greatest steps in frustration. There have been incidences of farmers letting their animals in fields as the crops would not yield anything, in cases of delayed monsoon.
Even though farmers are facing these challenges, haven't yet realized that these droughts are not incidental but reflecting the trend of reducing rainfall and erratic character and these are going to be more tasteless incidents in future. Thus there is dire need not only of identifying strategies to fight atmosphere turn but also to make the vulnerable sections aware about the atmosphere turn and make them ready to adopt the strategies for adapting to atmosphere change.
Mitigation and Adaptation:
There are any factors and sectors which are responsible for Green House Gas emissions and thus atmosphere change. Agriculture sector remained most unmanaged till yet due to i) non point source emission of Ghgs, ii) need and priority of higher productions to feed the ever growing population. As mentioned above, agriculture sector is also most susceptible to atmosphere turn contributing into the vicious cycle. Inefficient agricultural practices causes the Ghg more emissions, which accelerating the Cc, resulting into the lower production. To compensate this, farmers tend to put more resources whenever and wherever are available in terms of fertilizer, water etc. Which are the main factor for inefficiencies in the farm sector.
Effects of atmosphere turn and Solutions:
In Bundelkhand region, calculations of the atmosphere reflect that after 25 years, rainfall is expected to sell out by 20% and the productivity of the existing crops may sell out by 15%. Decreasing landholding per farmer is going to have enhanced negative impact of these projections.
Thus the expected facts after 20-25 years would be:
• Reduced rainfall, thus
o Less availability of outside water
o Deepened ground water level
o Low returns of rain fed agriculture
• Smaller landholdings
• High input costs in agriculture
• Lower profitability per unit of land
• Higher risks of crop failures
Above estimations on reduced productions are based on the existing crops and practices. Our adaptation strategies need to be focus on the methods which can nullify or sell out the effects of the unreliable climatic conditions. Such as:
• Adopting low water requiring/ drought resisting crops/crop verities
• By reducing the water losses in agriculture and by irrigating the crops/plants not the land
• Using improved practices to save the applied water like mulching etc
• Reducing the input costs by suitable application of inputs
• Adopting and promoting the alternative models for duel/multiple use of land like different forms of agroforestry or multi cropping
• By having fall back options like alternate revenue sources/crop assurance etc.
Where is will there is a Way
Approach which has been adopted to take up and fight with atmosphere turn is two sided, i) Identifying the technical options and interventions required, ii) development society aware and helping them to take lead to fight atmosphere change.
Identification of interventions
Drought defiant varieties are available at different stakeholders. However the adoption is not much as farmers are not aware about these varieties and characteristics of these crops/crop varieties. Such varieties have been promoted as they are the prominent choice which can supply dependable yield level even in greatest conditions.
There are assorted methods and ways available for reducing the water losses in irrigation. Sprinkler and drip methods can sell out the water application significantly. Similarly, mulching can sell out the water loss from the soil. For flood irrigation also contour cultivation, and development the check basins or borders depending on the land slope and soil type, can increase the water use efficiencies significantly. Data on these options is being made available to the farmers through different stakeholders including the research organizations.
It has also been observed that the quantity of seed we use per acre of land is quite higher than required for optimum production. This, not only increase the input costs but also sell out the productivity by creating unnecessary competition within the crop itself. suitable use of manure and fertilizers, minimal tillage is the practices which reduces the input costs and improve the profitability of the particular crops.
Agro-horticulture and other forms of Agro-forestry can be one way of reducing the dependability of the yield of our efforts on the erratic monsoon, thus, stabilizing the incomes of the household and also its distribution across the year. For the purpose of reducing the risks of crop failure, government is also promoting the efficient irrigation systems like drip and sprinkler for agro-horticulture use.
Government has also assorted other schemes to protect or at least protect partially ourselves from the risks of the crop failure from any reasons. National Agriculture research task (Nais) is one of them. We can get our crop insured under this task and in case of crop damage due to any o the enlisted reasons, we can get the benefits of the schemes.
It is also worth knowing at this point of time that quite of the options available are more accessible for the groups. Let's join hand together to way the Data and take the challenges posed by atmosphere change.
Creating Institutional Systems for Adaptation
Adaptation is the society and public initiative, which needs society actions. For sustainable farming society initiative, three tier institutional systems has been formed, at community level farmers groups consists of active farmers. The objectives of the farmers clubs is to keep interactions and ensure way of farmers to knowledge and resources bases in terms of the meetings with scientists and extension workers, ensuring suitable seed varieties and technologies etc. At second tier representatives of the farmers groups have formed the clump of the farmers group. These clusters are responsible for managing and creating clump (cluster of geographically around villages). Top level tier is the federation level custom which takes the accountability to resource building for all three levels of the institutions and establishing backward and transmit linkages with markets.
In fact these institutions are playing their role effectively and have shown the capacity. any activities have been taken up by them. These three tier law is part of the Farmers adaptation cluster. During the first year of operations, the Farmers Adaptation Cluster, has established linkages with different institutions like Water Technology Centre, Indian Agriculture research Institute, Krishi Vikas Kendra (Kvk), National research Centre on Agro Forestry (Nrcaf), etc. And had arranged exposure visits for its member farmers, introduced high compliancy varieties and suitable practices affecting the yield enhancement by 35 to 40%. It has also recorded the allowance in required inputs due to Data and suitable technology propagation.
It can be said that the approach for creating the institutions animated the target group and disseminating the suitable practices and technologies is an suitable response to atmosphere turn suiting both the adaptation and mitigation strategies.
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